mES, ESD and ASM cells were plated on similar culture conditions (high density of collagen-1, 100 μg ml−1) and on the same substrate stiffness of 0.6 kPa.
at least three independent experiments.) b, Stress-induced cell spreading depends on cell softness. Round ESD cells and round ASM cells spread but to a lesser degree than mES cells (Supplementary Fig. There were no significant differences in cell area change between 3 min and 5 min (p>0.30 for ESD and p>0.09 for ASM) or 5 and 8 min (p>0.47 for ESD and p>0.37 for ASM). In sharp contrast, for ESD cells and ASM cells there were no stress-induced changes in cell area even at 17.5 Pa applied stress (n=7 cells for both cell types). In contrast, there were significant differences between 3.5 and 17.5 Pa stress (p0.23). There were no significant differences in cell area change between 0 and 3.5 Pa stress (p>0.58, 0.23 or 0.68 at 3, 5 or 8 min). ES cells did not spread at 0 or 3.5 Pa stress but started to protrude and spread at 17.5 Pa stress (n=7, 5 or 9 cells for 0, 3.5 or 17.5 Pa stress, respectively). The amplitude is the magnitude of change in a sinusoidal oscillatory forcing system where the mean magnitude is zero. Furthermore, this review can give researchers dealing with soft colloids quantitative methods to define unambiguously which softness matters in their compound.Cell softness dictates cell spreading response to stress.a, Stress-induced spreading in mES cells is amplitude dependent.
The aim of this review is to look at the results on micro- and nanogels in a more quantitative way that allow us to explain the reported properties in terms of differences in colloidal softness. Concentrated solutions of nanogels are considered and we review the recent results in the literature concerning the phase behavior and flow properties of nanogels both in three and two dimensions, in the light of the different parameters we defined. The influence of the different synthetic routes on the softness of nanogels is discussed. New definitions of softness and new parameters, which depend on the particle-to-particle interactions, are introduced in terms of faceting and interpenetration. Then, concentrated solutions of soft colloids are considered. This is done in terms of the energetic cost associated with the deformation and the capability of the colloid to isotropically deswell. Applying our criteria, we address the question what makes a nanomaterial soft? We discuss and introduce general criteria to quantify the different definitions of softness for an individual compressible colloid. cross-linked polymer networks swollen in water, a widely used model system for soft colloids.
On the basis of these quantities, we review the recent literature on micro- and nanogels, i.e. Here, we propose different quantities that can be measured using scattering methods and microscopy experiments. Having quantitative parameters is fundamental to compare different systems and understand what the consequences of softness on the macroscopic properties are. However, we are missing a way to quantify what the term “softness” means in nanoscience. Softness plays a key role in determining the macroscopic properties of colloidal systems, from synthetic nanogels to biological macromolecules, from viruses to star polymers.
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